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\u0635\u0639\u0628\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n (1) \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627:<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631:<\/strong> \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 “\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0632” \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/span><\/p>\n \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646.<\/span><\/p>\n
\n\u2022 \u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a “\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645” \u0623\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0637\u0647\u0631 \u062c\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u061b<\/span>
\n\u2022 \u0648\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0628\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646.(10)<\/span><\/p>\n
\nLia Bryanjar, The Society of Muslim Brotherhood: The Rise of an Islamic Mass Movement, 1928-1942, Reading, Ithaca Press, 1998, p.153.<\/span>
\nZiad Munson, Islamic Mobilization: Social Movement Theory and the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood, The Sociological Quarterly, Volume 42, 2001 \u2013 Issue4, p.5.<\/span>
\n(2) \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/span>
\n-Said Amir Arjomand )ed(, From Nationalism to Revolutionary Islam (London: Macmillan, 1984)<\/span>
\n-Dekmejian Richard, Islam in Revolution: Fundamentalism in the Arab World (New York, Syracuse University Press, 1985)<\/span>
\n(3) \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/span>
\n-Francois Burgat, Comprendre L’Islam Politique: Une trajectoire de recherche sur l\u2019alt\u00e9rit\u00e9 islamiste, (Edition Decouverte, Paris, 2016).<\/span>
\n-Burgat and Dowell, \u201cIslamism as the Language of Political Reaction to Western Cultural Domination,\u201d in: The Islamic Movement in North Africa) Austin: University of Texas Press, 1993(PP 63\u201385.<\/span>
\n– Leila Hessini, \u201cWearing the Hijab in Contemporary Morocco: Choice and Identity,\u201d in: Fatma Muge Gocek and Shiva Balaghi(eds.) Reconstructing Gender in the Middle East: Tradition, Identity and Power (New York, Columbia University Press, 1994).<\/span>
\n-Esposito John & Tamimi Azzam (eds), Islam and secularism in the Middle East (New York, New York university Press, 2000(.<\/span>
\n(4) \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c (\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c 2018)\u060c \u0635 \u0635 77-80.<\/span>
\n(5) \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/span>
\nAlberto Meluci, changing codes: Collective Action in the Informative Age (Cambridge University Press, 1996) cited in Khalil al-Inani, Ibid, p.71.<\/span>
\n(6) \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/span>
\nDina Al Raffie, Social Identity Theory for Investigating Islamic Extremism in the Diaspora,<\/span>
\nin Journal of Strategic Security, Nb.4, Vol.6, Winter 2013. https:\/\/bit.ly\/3r1xPBe, P.76-77.<\/span>
\n(7) \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639: \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/span>
\nAlbert Hourani, Arabic Thought in the liberal Age, 1798-1939 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1983), pp.138-144.<\/span>
\n– \u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c “\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629”\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u060c 20\/9\/2010\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: http:\/\/www.freearabvoice.org\/?page_id=606<\/span>
\n-\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c “\u0645\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a: \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629”\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: https:\/\/bit.ly\/2z57mOs<\/span>
\n(8) \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/span>
\nZiad Munson, ISLAMIC MOBILIZATION: Social Movement Theory and the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood, The Sociological Quarterly, Vol. 42, No (4), January 2002. p.24.<\/span>
\n(9) \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0651\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c (\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u060c 1984) \u0635171.<\/span>
\n(10) \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u06371 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c 2000) \u0635188.<\/span>
\n(11) \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0651\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c1986) \u0635253.<\/span>
\n(12) \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/span>
\nKeddie N, Islamic Revival in the Middle East: A comparison of Iran and Egypt, In: Smith D, Frasous K (eds) Arab Society: Continuity and change) London: Croom Helm, 1985(, P. 68<\/span>
\n(13) \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c (\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0638\u0628\u064a\u060c\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c 2020) \u0635 \u0635 227-231.<\/span>
\n(14) \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 166.<\/span>
\n(15) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 41.<\/span>
\n(16) \u0623\u0646\u0637\u0631:<\/span>
\nZiad Munson, Op. Cit, pp.17-24.<\/span>
\n(17)\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642. \u0635: 25.<\/span>
\n(18) “\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643.. \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629”\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0625\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 https:\/\/bit.ly\/2o6EQGb<\/span>
\n(19) \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/span>
\nBarbara Zollner, Surviving Repression: How Egypt\u2019s Muslim Brotherhood Has Carried On, Carnegie Middle East Center, MARCH 11, 2019, https:\/\/bit.ly\/3bTy9Oc<\/span>
\n(20) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/span>
\n(21) \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0630\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062f. \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628: \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0642\u060c 2012).<\/span>
\n(22) \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635109.<\/span>
\n(23) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 110.<\/span>
\n(24) \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/span>
\n2Michells Richard, The Society of the Muslim Brothers, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993). p.183.<\/span>
\n(25) Ziad Munson, op.cit. p.23.<\/span>
\n(26) \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635149.<\/span>
\n(27) \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 \u0635 10-14.<\/span>
\n(28) \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/span>
\nDiane Singerman, “The Networked World of Islamist Social Movements”, in: Quintan wiktorowicz (ed)<\/span>
\nIslamic Activism.. A social Movement Theory (Indiana, Indiana University Press, 2004) p.155.<\/span>
\n(29) \u0623\u0646\u0637\u0631:<\/span>
\nQuintan Wiktorowicz, \u201cThe New Global Threat: Transnational Salafis and Jihad.\u201d Middle East Policy, Volume 8, Issue 4, December 2001, p15.<\/span>
\n(30) \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/span>
\nBarbara Zollner, op.cit.<\/span>
\n(31) ” \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1930\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629: \u00ab\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a”\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637http:\/\/goo.gl\/Dla0Oj<\/span>
\n(32) \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641\u061f \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0646\u062c\u0632\u060c 23 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 2016\u060c https:\/\/brook.gs\/3cGlIV9<\/span>
\n(33) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642<\/span>
\n(34) \u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 \u0635 210-213<\/span>
\n(35) \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/span>
\n(36) \u0631\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0651\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627\u061f \u063710 (\u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c 1997) \u0635 112.<\/span>
\n(37) \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.<\/span>
\n(38) \u0632\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0637\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u062b\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u2013\u0631\u0624\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0648 \u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2013\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: https:\/\/bit.ly\/3aDGna5<\/span>
\n(39) \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/span>
\nHarmsen, Egbert, Islam, Civil Society and Social Work: Muslim Voluntary Welfare Associations in Jordan between Patronage and Empowerment. (ISIM Dissertations). Amsterdam: Amsterdam Univ. Press. https:\/\/nbn-resolving.org. p.53<\/span>
\n(40) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 53.<\/span>
\n(41) \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/span>
\nHarmsen, Egbert, Op. cit. P 255.<\/span>
\n(42) \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0651\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 44.<\/span>
\n(43) \u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631<\/span>
\n-\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c (\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0638\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c 2020).<\/span>
\n-\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645: \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c2014).<\/span>
\n(44) \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/span>
\nKuran, Timur., “The discontents of Islamic economic morality\u201d, The American Economic Review; May 1996; Vol 86, No 2; ProQuest Research Library May 1989, P.438, https:\/\/bit.ly\/3c2ypKF<\/span>
\n(45)\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 37.<\/span>
\n(46) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 \u0635 37-38<\/span>
\n(47) \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 179.<\/span>
\n(48) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 179.<\/span>
\n(49) \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/span>
\nHalliday, M. A. K, Anti-Languages, American Anthropologist, New Series, 1976, Vol. 78, No. 3, https:\/\/bit.ly\/2QtKD6Y<\/span>
\n(50) \u0645\u0646\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u064a\u0628\u060c “\u063a\u064a\u062a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646… \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a”\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0631\u0635\u064a\u0641 21\u060c 20 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2018\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: https:\/\/bit.ly\/2ycCDyA<\/span>
\n(51) \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/span>
\newfik Aclimandos, The Brothers: Gnostic Reformers of Islam, Oasis center, 23\/10\/2018, https:\/\/bit.ly\/2VB83r1<\/span>
\n(52) \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631:<\/span>
\nKhalil al-Anani, Egypt\u2019s Muslim Brotherhood faces a dilemma: Religion or politics?, the Washington post, June 20, 2016, https:\/\/wapo.st\/3cTQXKY<\/span>
\n(53) \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635201.<\/span><\/p>\n